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A group of properly arranged words that help you to express your feelings and thoughts is called a clause. A clause can be divided into two parts, namely subject and predicate. There must be a relationship between subject and predicate. So a clause must have a subject and a predicate.
A group of words which has a subject and a finite verb and does not need the help of other clauses to express full meaning is called an Principal clause. It produces complete meaning. The name itself denotes that it does not rely on other clauses to produce a complete meaning.
The clause which starts with a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun and it has a subject and a finite verb but cannot express full meaning is called a Subordinate clause. Unlike principal clauses, subordinate clauses cannot express full meaning without the help of principal clause.
The subordinate clause which acts like a noun in a sentence is called Noun clause. Now you need to know about the places where you can use  noun in a sentence.
The clause which modifies a noun in a sentence is called an Adjective clause. This is a subordinate clause. It behaves like an adjective. This clause is also known as Relative clause. It usually comes just after the noun which it modifies.
The clause which functions like an adverb in a sentence is called an Adverbial Clause. It is one of the types of subordinate clauses. We know that adverbs usually modify Adjectives, Verb, Adverbs and even a Sentence.
The principal clauses which are joined by coordinating conjunctions to express elaborate meaning are called a Coordinate clause. Some coordinate conjunctions are And, Or, But, Either...Or, Neither....Nor, Not Only.....But Also, etc.
A group of words assembled in a particular order generally containing a subject and a verb that conveys a through idea in the form of a question, exclamation, statement or instruction and when it is written it begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop (.), an exclamation mark (!), or an interrogation mark (?) is called a sentence.
The part of a sentence which performs the action of the verb is called Subject. It is the doer of a sentence. A noun, a pronoun, a noun phrase or a noun clause can be the subject of a sentence. In most cases, you will find subject at the beginning of a sentence.
The rest of the sentence except the subject is called Predicate. It contains the verb and other information about the subject. Generally the area of Predicate starts just after the subject. Exception can be seen in Imperative sentences where you will just have predicate. The subject 'you' remains hidden.
The sentence which has just an independent clause and it does not have any dependent clause is called a Simple Sentence. It contains only one subject, one finite verb and creates a complete thought.
The sentence which has an independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses is called a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions are used to connect the clauses of a complex sentence.
A sentence which has more than one independent/main clause is called a compound sentence. Remember there will be no dependent clause in a compound sentence. 
The sentence which has more than one independent clause and at least one or more dependent clauses is called a compound-complex sentence.
The sentence which introduces a feeling/an opinion or narrates things or  states a universal truth or a habitual fact is called an Assertive/Declarative Sentence.
The sentence which we use to give an order or to make a request is called an Imperative Sentence. This type of sentence ends with a period/a full stop. unlike other types of sentences, imperative sentences begin with a verb.
The sentence which we use to ask a question and to seek a piece of information is called an Interrogative sentence. Note of interrogation is used at the end of this type of sentences.
The sentence which convey profound, sudden and strong emotions and feelings is called an Exclamatory sentence. These sentences express happiness, wonder, sorrow, anger, excitement, surprise, etc.
The sentences which you use to express your will and prayer are called Optative Sentence. This type of sentences helps us to convey deeper feeling of ours.